1. Understanding the Conversion Process:
* The Key: Removing the Hot Mirror/IR Cut Filter: Standard digital cameras have a "hot mirror" or IR cut filter placed in front of the sensor. This filter blocks most infrared light, which is undesirable for regular photography. The conversion involves physically removing this filter.
* Replacing with an IR Pass Filter: After removing the hot mirror, an IR pass filter is installed. This filter blocks visible light and allows only infrared light to reach the sensor. The type of IR pass filter determines the wavelengths of infrared light that are captured and, therefore, the overall look of the images.
* Black and White IR is Usually "Full Spectrum" with a Filter: For black and white IR, the common practice is to convert the camera to "full spectrum" by removing the IR cut filter and replacing it with a clear glass filter. This allows the sensor to capture visible and infrared light. Then, you use screw-on IR filters on your lenses to achieve the specific IR look you want. This method offers the most flexibility.
2. Choosing a Camera Body:
* Used Cameras are Ideal: Converting a used camera is a cost-effective approach. Consider cameras a few generations old as they often have comparable image quality to newer models for landscape photography.
* Sensor Size:
* Full Frame: Provides the best image quality, dynamic range, and low-light performance. Generally more expensive.
* APS-C (Crop Sensor): More affordable, lighter, and lenses are often smaller. A good balance between cost and performance.
* Micro Four Thirds: Even smaller and lighter, with a wide selection of lenses.
* Live View is Crucial: Live view is essential for composing and focusing because the viewfinder will be useless once the IR conversion is complete.
* Mirrorless vs. DSLR: Both can be converted. Mirrorless cameras are generally preferred because their shorter flange focal distance can sometimes cause focusing issues with converted DSLRs (although this is less common with landscape photography).
* Megapixels: Don't get too caught up in megapixels. Anything 12MP or higher is generally sufficient for landscape work, especially if you're printing at reasonable sizes.
* Compatibility with Lenses: Ensure the camera is compatible with the lenses you intend to use.
3. IR Pass Filter Choices:
* Understanding Nanometers (nm): IR filters are specified by the wavelength (in nanometers) of light they allow to pass through. Lower nm values allow more visible light in, resulting in less dramatic IR effects. Higher nm values block almost all visible light, producing stronger IR effects.
* Common Options for Black and White IR:
* 720nm: A popular choice. Produces strong IR effects (white foliage, dark skies) while still allowing some subtle colors to come through, which can be converted to interesting tones in black and white.
* 830nm: Blocks almost all visible light. Creates very strong IR effects. Foliage appears extremely white, and skies are very dark. Can be more challenging to focus with.
* Full Spectrum with External Filters (Most Recommended): Convert the camera to full spectrum. Then, buy various IR filters (720nm, 760nm, 850nm, etc.) and screw them onto your lenses. This gives you the most control over the look. You can even stack filters. A good starting point is a 720nm and an 850nm filter.
4. Finding a Conversion Service:
* Reputable Conversion Services:
* LifePixel: A very popular and well-regarded option.
* Kolari Vision: Another excellent choice, known for their high-quality conversions.
* Other Local Camera Repair Shops: Some local camera repair shops may offer IR conversion services, but it's crucial to check their experience and reputation.
* Factors to Consider When Choosing a Service:
* Experience: How long have they been converting cameras?
* Reputation: Check online reviews and testimonials.
* Sensor Cleaning: Ensure they clean the sensor after the conversion.
* Warranty: What kind of warranty do they offer on the conversion?
* Turnaround Time: How long will the conversion take?
* Cost: Get quotes from multiple services.
5. The Conversion Process (Performed by the Service):
* Disassembly: The camera is carefully disassembled.
* Hot Mirror Removal: The hot mirror/IR cut filter is removed from the sensor.
* IR Pass Filter Installation: The selected IR pass filter or clear glass filter is precisely installed.
* Reassembly: The camera is carefully reassembled.
* Sensor Cleaning: The sensor is thoroughly cleaned to remove any dust or debris.
* Testing: The camera is tested to ensure it's functioning correctly.
6. Post-Conversion Camera Settings and Techniques:
* White Balance: IR photography throws white balance out the window. You'll need to experiment and adjust the white balance in post-processing. Often, setting a custom white balance by pointing the camera at green grass (in IR) can be a good starting point. But you'll likely need to adjust further in post.
* Focusing: IR light focuses slightly differently than visible light. Use live view and magnification to achieve critical focus. You may need to adjust focus slightly after focusing normally. Some lenses have IR focus markings. Focus peaking (if your camera has it) can be very helpful.
* Aperture: Start with mid-range apertures (f/8 to f/11) for good sharpness and depth of field.
* ISO: Start with a low ISO (e.g., ISO 100 or 200) to minimize noise. You may need to increase the ISO if you're shooting in low light or using a high-nanometer IR filter.
* Shutter Speed: Use a tripod, especially with higher nm filters, as shutter speeds will be longer due to the limited amount of light reaching the sensor.
* Metering: Your camera's meter may not be accurate with IR light. Experiment with exposure compensation. Slightly overexposing can often yield pleasing results. Use the histogram to ensure you're not clipping highlights or shadows.
* Tripod: A sturdy tripod is essential for sharp images, especially in lower light conditions.
* Remote Shutter Release: Use a remote shutter release or the camera's self-timer to avoid camera shake.
7. Post-Processing:
* Raw Format: Shoot in RAW format to retain the most information for post-processing.
* White Balance Adjustment: Fine-tune the white balance in your RAW editor (Adobe Lightroom, Capture One, etc.) to achieve the desired tones.
* Contrast and Tone Adjustments: Adjust the contrast, highlights, shadows, whites, and blacks to create a dramatic and visually appealing black and white image.
* Channel Mixer (If Necessary): In some cases (depending on the filter used), you can use the channel mixer in Photoshop or other image editors to fine-tune the color channels and achieve the desired black and white conversion. However, this is less common with a dedicated black and white IR workflow using filters.
* Sharpening: Apply sharpening carefully to enhance details.
* Noise Reduction: Apply noise reduction if necessary, especially at higher ISO settings.
Tips for Black and White IR Landscape Photography:
* Experiment with Filters: Try different IR filters to see how they affect the look of your images.
* Look for Foliage: Foliage is a key element in IR photography, as it reflects IR light strongly and appears very bright.
* Pay Attention to Clouds: Clouds can have a dramatic effect in IR images.
* Shoot in Strong Sunlight: IR light is most abundant in strong sunlight.
* Compose Carefully: Take your time to compose your shots and look for interesting compositions.
* Practice: The more you practice, the better you'll become at understanding how IR light interacts with the world and how to create stunning black and white images.
In summary: Converting a camera for infrared photography is a rewarding experience that opens up exciting new creative possibilities. By understanding the process, choosing the right equipment, and practicing your post-processing skills, you can create stunning black and white landscape images that capture the hidden beauty of the world. Starting with a full-spectrum conversion and using screw-on filters provides the most flexibility. Good luck and enjoy the process!