Here are some tips for achieving a shallow depth of field:
* Use a longer focal length lens. This will help to narrow the depth of field.
* Keep the subject close to the camera. The closer the subject is, the shallower the depth of field will be.
* Use a wide aperture. This will also help to narrow the depth of field.
* Place the background far from the subject. This will help to create a greater blur in the background.
Here are some examples of shallow depth of field shots:
* [Interstellar](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0848228/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0): Hoytema used shallow depth of field to create a sense of vastness and isolation in space.
* [Her](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1798709/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0): Hoytema used shallow depth of field to create a sense of intimacy between the characters.
* Dunkirk (2017): van Hoytema used shallow focus throughout this war film to create an immersive and claustrophobic atmosphere. In one notable scene, the main character is trapped in a life raft as German planes attack. The use of shallow focus keeps the focus on the main character and his experience, while the background is a blurred mess of chaos and destruction.
* Ad Astra (2019): Hoytema used shallow depth of field to create a sense of isolation and alienation in space.
Here are some additional tips for using shallow depth of field:
* Be aware of the lighting. Shallow depth of field can make the subject look washed out or overexposed if the lighting is too bright.
* Use a tripod to avoid camera shake. A blurry background can be distracting if the subject is also blurry.
* Experiment with different techniques to find what works best for your subject and story. Shallow depth of field is a versatile technique that can be used to create a variety of different effects.